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Crime

✅ 一、通用词(最常用)

单词中文含义使用场景
crime犯罪最常见,统称违法行为
offense / offence (英式拼写)违法行为,罪行可指轻罪或重罪;法律/正式语
violation违反(法律、规则)一般指较轻的违法行为,如交通违法
wrongdoing不当行为,作恶偏道德/宽泛,也可用于法律语境
lawbreaking违法行为强调“违反法律”,多用于批评语境

✅ 二、法律/正式语境下

单词中文含义特点
felony重罪(如谋杀、强奸、抢劫)美国法律术语,严重违法行为
misdemeanor轻罪(如扰乱治安、轻微盗窃)美国法律术语
criminal act / offense犯罪行为法律书面语
transgression违法/违背(道德或法律)偏正式或宗教语境
infraction违反(轻微法律或规则)法律术语,如交通违章
delinquency青少年犯罪常与 juvenile 搭配,正式

✅ 三、特定类型的犯罪(分类表达)

表达中文含义
violent crime暴力犯罪(如谋杀、强奸)
white-collar crime白领犯罪(如贪污、诈骗)
cybercrime网络犯罪
organized crime有组织犯罪(如黑帮活动)
hate crime仇恨犯罪(基于种族、性别、宗教等)
property crime财产犯罪(如盗窃、抢劫)
drug-related crime与毒品相关的犯罪
juvenile crime / delinquency青少年犯罪

✅ 四、抽象表达(用于写作中升华表达层次)

表达中文含义
violation of law and order破坏法律与秩序
breach of legal norms违反法律规范
social deviance / deviant behavior社会偏差/越轨行为
criminality犯罪倾向;犯罪行为(不可数)
unlawful behavior / act非法行为

✅ 写作高分句式举例(可套用)

  • Crime rates have surged in urban areas due to social inequality and unemployment.

  • White-collar crimes often go unnoticed but have devastating economic consequences.

  • Juvenile delinquency has become a growing concern in modern societies.

  • Cybercrime poses a serious threat to national security and personal privacy.

  • Addressing the root causes of criminality is more effective than punitive measures alone.


如果你想写雅思作文或学术论文,我可以帮你设计段落结构、论点展开、替换高频词汇等。需要继续深化吗?

Criminal


✅ 一、通用类:最常见和广义的说法

单词中文含义使用场合
criminal罪犯(广义)最常用,任何违法行为
offender犯罪者、违法者可指轻微或严重违法行为,法律/司法用语
lawbreaker违法者强调“破坏法律”,书面语
wrongdoer做坏事的人偏道德层面,也可指非法行为(更宽泛)

✅ 二、正式/书面语或法律术语类

单词中文含义特点
transgressor违反道德/法律的人偏正式/文学语,强调“越界”
delinquent青少年违法者(尤指轻罪)常用于“juvenile delinquent”
culprit犯罪者;问题的根源也可指“罪魁祸首”
perpetrator作案者,加害人常用于严重犯罪(如谋杀、性侵等)
malefactor犯罪者,作恶者偏正式/文学语,带有恶意色彩
felon重罪犯美国法律用语,指犯了felony的人
miscreant恶棍,无赖正式/文学语,有鄙视意味

✅ 三、口语/新闻/非正式语境

单词中文含义备注
crook骗子,坏蛋非正式,常指诈骗类
thug暴徒,打手带有暴力含义
con artist骗子(行骗高手)“confidence artist” 的缩写
hooligan流氓,混混尤指街头打架滋事者

✅ 四、特定类型犯罪者(分类词汇)

单词中文含义
murderer杀人犯
rapist强奸犯
arsonist纵火犯
burglar入室盗窃犯
robber抢劫犯
shoplifter商店行窃者
vandal故意破坏公物者
trafficker贩卖者(如毒品、人贩子)

✅ 应用示例(作文/论文句式)

  • The government should introduce rehabilitation programs for juvenile delinquents rather than merely punishing them.

  • The perpetrator of the violent crime remains at large.

  • Society must deal not only with criminals, but also with the root causes that create these offenders.

Punishment

✅ 一、通用类近义词(强调“惩罚”本身)

单词中文用法说明
penalty惩罚、处罚法律/正式语境常用,如 death penalty(死刑)
sanction制裁、惩罚(正式)多用于国际法经济或组织规则
discipline惩戒、纪律处分强调教育目的,常用于学校、机构
correction矫正更倾向“改正行为”,如 correctional facility(矫正设施)
retribution报应、惩罚(带道德色彩)多用于文学或严肃语境,如 divine retribution(天谴)
reprisal报复性惩罚偏军事/政治语境,含“以牙还牙”之意
castigation严厉惩罚或批评(文学)书面语,偏严厉、公开羞辱
chastisement惩戒、责打(正式/文学)带身体惩罚意味,偏古典或宗教语境

✅ 二、搭配常见的正式表达(用于写作/论文)

表达含义
criminal penalty刑事惩罚
legal sanction法律制裁
disciplinary action纪律处分
punitive measure惩罚性措施
corrective action矫正措施
retributive justice报应式正义(强调以牙还牙)
deterrent punishment震慑性惩罚

✅ 三、例句对比使用(帮助理解细微差别)

  • The penalty for drunk driving has become more severe in recent years.
    (酒驾的处罚近年来变得更严厉。)

  • The United Nations imposed economic sanctions on the country for human rights violations.
    (联合国对该国施加了经济制裁。)

  • The student received disciplinary action for cheating on the exam.
    (该学生因考试作弊受到了纪律处分。)

  • Some argue that retributive justice only perpetuates a cycle of violence.
    (有人认为报应式的正义只会延续暴力循环。)


✅ 四、适合雅思/托福/学术作文的高分句式

  • Governments should impose strict penalties on violent crimes to protect public safety.

  • Some experts advocate for corrective rather than punitive approaches to juvenile crime.

  • Excessive retributive punishment can undermine the principles of a just society.

  • Sanctions and legal penalties must be proportionate to the severity of the offense.

judgement

✅ 一、法律正式语境中的“判决”近义词

英文词汇中文释义使用场合 / 特点
judgment / judgement判决、裁决最通用,适用于所有法院裁定
verdict陪审团的裁决尤指有陪审团审判的案件,常指“有罪/无罪”
ruling裁定、判决法官针对某个法律问题的决定,语气偏正式
decision裁定、裁决泛指法庭或法官作出的决定,含义最广泛
sentence判刑(量刑)尤指对刑事案件的量刑,如“被判十年”
decree法令、判决令尤用于民事/行政法(如婚姻、监护等)
order法院命令、判令强调执行性,如“禁令”、“保护令”等
adjudication裁定、判决法律术语,强调审理+裁决过程
disposition案件处理结果尤指刑事/少年司法系统中的结案方式

✅ 二、搭配表达(地道短语)

搭配表达含义
pass a sentence宣布刑罚
deliver a verdict作出裁决(陪审团)
issue a ruling发布裁定(法官)
hand down a judgment作出判决(书面语)
reach a verdict达成裁决
render a decision作出决定/裁定(正式)
court order法院指令
final judgment终审判决
summary judgment简易判决(无须审判程序)

✅ 三、应用例句(正式写作/法律英语)

  • The court issued a ruling in favor of the defendant.
    (法院作出了有利于被告的裁定。)

  • The jury delivered a guilty verdict after two days of deliberation.
    (陪审团在两天审议后做出有罪裁决。)

  • He was sentenced to ten years in prison.
    (他被判处十年监禁。)

  • The judge handed down the final judgment this morning.
    (法官今天上午作出了终审判决。)

  • The case was resolved through summary adjudication.
    (此案通过简易审理程序解决。)


✅ 四、适合写作中的表达替换(高分写法)

常见表达高阶替换
the judge made a decisionthe judge rendered a ruling
the court’s decisionthe court’s judgment / verdict
the punishment giventhe sentence imposed
the final resultthe disposition of the case

Writing Example

Phrase

  • specific circumstances and motivation behind a crime
  • decide the appropriate sentence
  • judge each case individually based on intent and context

Sentence

  • Personally, while fixed penalties may help maintain the consistency, it is more reasonable to judge each case individually based on intent and context.